34 .引述自Higgins,“Pirates in Gowns and Caps”,30。
35 .Shapinsky,“Japanese Pirates and Sea Tenure”(unpaginated).36 .Ibid.
37 .Antony,Like Froth ,30.
38 .Turnbull,Pirate of the Far East ,7;Farris,Heavenly Warriors ,242.39 .Wilson,Empire of the Deep ,14.
40 .Hobsbawm,Bandits ,27.
41 .关于这一点,参见Barrett,“What Caused the Viking Age?”。
42 .Pryor,Geography ,Technology ,and War ,99.43 .引述自Gosse,The History of Piracy ,1。
44 .Abulafia,The Great Sea ,271,274.45 .对中国船型制详尽权威的论述可参考李约瑟《中国科学技术史》。Needham,Science and Civilisation in China,vol. 4,part 3,379–699。
46 .Adorno,引述自Heers,Barbary Corsairs,33。
47 .Ibid.,33–4.
48 .Ibid.
49 .Tenenti,Piracy and the Decline of Venice ,5.50 .Polo,The Travels of Marco Polo ,290.51 .Ibid.
52 .Polo seems to use the term “corsair” as a substitute for “pirate”.53 .Pryor,Geography ,Technology ,and War ,76–7.54 .Diaz de Gamez,Unconquered Knight ,95.55 .Earle,Corsairs of Malta and Barbary ,140–1.56 .Turnbull,Pirate of the Far East ,47.57 .关于这次遭遇战,所有引述均出自Hermann and Edwards(trans.),Orkneyinga Saga ,173–7。
58 .Ibid.,177.
59 .Diaz de Gamez,Unconquered Knight ,73.60 .亦称“arquebuses”,演纯自德语“Hakenbüchse”,意为“钩子认”。这些重型火器在设击时,需架设在支架或是稳定的平台,如墙旱或城垛上。当处于欢一种情况时,会从认管中瓣出一支钩子来钩住,故得名。
61 .Reimar Kock,引述自Puhle,Die Vitalienbrüder ,43–4(translation mine)。
62 .Zimmerling,St?rtebeker & Co ,85.63 .Reimar Kock,引述自Puhle,Die Vitalienbrüder ,44(translation mine)。
64 .Annals of St-Bertin ,39.
65 .Ibid.,53.
66 .Ibid.,63.
67 .Ibid.,64–5.
68 .Kennedy,Mongols ,Huns and Vikings ,188.69 .Magnusson,Vikings! ,31.
70 .Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ,in Somerville and McDonald(eds),The Viking Age ,230.71 .Foote and Wilson,The Viking Achievement ,229.72 .Simeon of Durham,History of the Church of Durham ,35–6.73 .Magnusson,Vikings !,31–2.
74 .Morris,“The Viking Age in Europe”,99.75 .Batey and Sheehan,“Viking Expansion and Cultural Blending”,128.76 .引述自Price,“Laid Waste,Plundered,and Burned”,119–21。
77 .Riben zhuan (“Treatise on Japan”),引述自Turnbull,Pirate of the Far East ,25–6。
78 .Levathes,When China Ruled the Seas, 185–6.79 .Ibid.
80 .Hucker,“Hu Tsung-hien’s Campaign Against Hsu Hai”,289–90.81 .Turnbull,Pirate of the Far East, 48.82 .Leeson,Invisible Hook ,116.
83 .关于政策的改纯,参见Lim,“From Haijin to Kaihai”,especially 20–2。


